Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences
Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences (QJMHS) is a multi-disciplinary with double-blind peer-reviewed journal publishes across the entire field, to advance our knowledge of our nature world and its various intersections with society. The journal publishes research articles, review articles, short communications, case studies and reports in Medical and Health Sciences includes dentistry, immunology and microbiology, medicine, neuroscience, nursing, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmaceutics, biological sciences, life sciences, as well as education and educational research in medical and health sciences. Abstract and Indexing: Quantum Journal of Medical and Health Sciences (QJMHS) are abstracted and indexing in Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (BASE); Google Scholar; Malaysian Journal (MyJurnal); Malaysian Citation Index (MyCite); Neliti; and many more.
THE INFLUENCE OF VALUE ATTACHED TO RELIGION ON PSYCHOLOGICAL WELLBEING IN KERALA STATE, INDIA
This study examines how the internalisation of religious values shapes psychological wellbeing in a multireligious social context, drawing on comparative evidence from Muslims and Hindus in Kerala, India. Using survey data from a randomly selected sample of 200 adults (100 Muslims and 100 Hindus), the study investigates the association between value attachment to religion, levels of religiosity, and self-reported psychological wellbeing, while controlling for basic sociodemographic factors. Religious value orientation was operationalised as the extent to which individuals cognitively and behaviourally integrate religious norms into everyday decision-making and moral reasoning. The findings reveal pronounced interreligious and intra-religious variation. Muslims reported significantly stronger and more uniform attachment to religious values across most dimensions, alongside consistently high religiosity and psychological wellbeing. Among Hindus, value attachment and wellbeing outcomes were more heterogeneous and strongly differentiated by individual religiosity levels. These patterns suggest that psychological wellbeing is less a function of religious affiliation per se than of the degree to which religious values are coherently internalised and experienced as meaningful, stable frameworks for life interpretation and action. Importantly, the results challenge deficit-oriented assumptions that highly structured or obligatory religious systems necessarily generate psychological strain. Instead, when religious values are deeply internalised and socially reinforced, they may operate as psychosocial resources that enhance perceived control, coherence, and emotional regulation. By conceptualising religion as a lived value system rather than a static belief category, this study contributes to interdisciplinary debates on religion, wellbeing, and mental health, and highlights the importance of contextual, relational, and meaning-based pathways linking religiosity to psychological outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 MADHAVA CHANDRAN, VISWANATHAN NAIR, AJITH NAIR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EVALUATION OF THE ELDERLY AT OKEHI’S MEDICAL OUTREACH
Globally the health burden of older adults is growing and the rural areas are equally affected. Knowledge of the health status of the elderly in any locale will enable proper management of their health.The aims is to evaluate the health status of the elderly in Okehi, town in Etche Local Government area in Rivers State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional descriptive study of older adults who attended a two day medical outreach at Okehi, Etche in Rivers State which took place from 25th to 26th July 2023. The elderly constituted 25.4% of those who attended the medical outreach. Females showed a slight preponderance constituting 53.2% of the older adult population at the outreach. The modal age group was 65-74 (45.1%). Majority of the persons were farmers (59.1%), married (79.2%) and most (51.4%) had at least primary school education. Malaria (13.4%) arthritis (13.9%), hypertension (23.5%) and eye disorders (24.6%) were the highest morbidity participants. A great number (74.1%) had at least two morbidities while about 5.7% of them had no obvious medical challenges. Majority of the older adults at Okehi, Etche had multiple morbidities. Health care in the rural areas should be prioritised.
Copyright (c) 2025 EKECHI STELLA AMADI, WOROMA WONODI, ERINMA FORTUNA PEPPLE, ESEOGHENE GBOGIDI, OLUKUMNI IJERUH https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A MULTIMETHOD TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF SUICIDE AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN JAMAICA (1980-2024)
Suicide remains a significant public health challenge in Jamaica, yet its macro-level determinants are underexplored within a longitudinal framework. This study employs a multimethod quantitative design to investigate the effects of GDP per Capita, rape incidence, political governance, and life expectancy on suicide rates in Jamaica between 1980 and 2024. Using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average with Exogenous Variables (ARIMAX), and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM), the research examines direct and temporal associations among the selected variables. Findings from the OLS regression indicate that GDP per Capita and life expectancy are negatively associated with suicide rates, while rape incidence shows a significant positive relationship. ARIMAX analysis confirms these patterns, revealing lagged effects of GDP and rape on suicide, suggesting that improvements in economic conditions and reductions in violent crime yield delayed but significant benefits for mental health outcomes. SEM results further demonstrate that GDP per Capita exerts both direct and indirect effects on suicide through life expectancy, highlighting a mediating role of health in the economic-suicide nexus. This research underscores the importance of a multidimensional policy approach that integrates economic development, violence prevention, and public health improvement in efforts to reduce suicide in Jamaica. The findings hold critical implications for national mental health strategies and suggest that suicide prevention should be embedded within broader socioeconomic planning. Future studies should incorporate mental health service accessibility and cultural stigma as additional explanatory variables to enhance understanding.
Copyright (c) 2025 PAUL ANDREW BOURNE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
INTEGRATIVE COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CFTR MUTATIONS LINKED TO CYSTIC FIBROSIS
The CFTR gene encodes a chloride channel essential for epithelial ion transport, and deleterious nsSNPs are a major cause of cystic fibrosis (CF). CF is an autosomal recessive disorder affecting multiple systems, with symptoms including chronic cough, recurrent lung infections, bronchiectasis, reduced pulmonary function, pancreatic insufficiency, malabsorption, poor growth, salty-tasting skin, male infertility, liver disease, and diabetes. To date, over 4,000 CFTR mutations have been reported, with F508del being the most common, accounting for nearly 70% of cases. This study aimed to identify deleterious nsSNPs in the CFTR gene and evaluate their structural and functional impact using an integrative in silico pipeline. Additionally, molecular docking was performed to explore potential therapeutic modulators for cystic fibrosis. The NCBI database reported over 282,000 SNPs in CFTR, of which SNPnexus analysis identified 132 nsSNPs as highly deleterious. Furthermore, 30 nsSNPs were consistently predicted to be deleterious across 15 computational tools. Notably, variants such as I105N, K273Q, and G1249R demonstrated destabilizing effects, with RMSD values ranging from 0.93 to 0.98 Å, indicating substantial conformational alterations. Molecular docking revealed strong ligand interactions with both wild-type and mutant CFTR, particularly for apoptozole, Congo Red, NAD, melanin, and cAMP, while repurposed drugs such as nelfinavir and amprenavir demonstrated favorable binding, supporting their potential to rescue misfolded proteins. This integrative in silico study highlights 30 pathogenic CFTR nsSNPs with destabilizing structural effects and identifies potential modulators, providing a robust framework for experimental validation, drug repurposing, and personalized therapeutic strategies in cystic fibrosis.
Copyright (c) 2025 IBTSAM BILAL, NIMRA SARDAR, AMINA ISLAM, ALI NOMAN, KAINAT RAMZAN, MARIA PARVEEN, AYESHA WAHEED, MUHAMMAD ZEESHAN ALI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EFFECT OF WATER TEMPERATURE AND WATER QUALITY ON SETTING TIME OF ALGINATE IMPRESSION MATERIALS
Alginate impression materials remain as an essential tool in dental practice. Setting time variability has long frustrated clinicians, particularly in tropical climates where water temperatures fluctuate significantly. This study examined how water temperature and quality affect alginate setting time using rheological measurement techniques, aiming to establish practical guidelines for clinical use. This study assessed the normal-setting alginate using a calibrated rheometer (300 Pa shear stress). Water temperatures of 2°C, 23°C, and 32°C were evaluated using distilled water. Tap water was also tested against distilled water at 23°C. One-way ANOVA was used to analyse temperature effects, while t-tests compared water types. Temperature dramatically influenced setting times: 99.36±0.30s at 2°C, 85.18±0.77s at 23°C, and 71.34±1.06s at 32°C (p<0.001). Water quality showed smaller effects: 90.86±1.65s for distilled water versus 86.52±2.46s for tap water (p=0.178). Water temperature significantly affects alginate setting time, with each 10°C increase reducing setting time by approximately 14%. Water quality showed minimal impact under study conditions. These findings support implementing temperature control protocols for optimizing alginate working time in clinical practice.
Copyright (c) 2025 MUHAMMAD SYAHMIE SULIMAN, NUR HAKIM HANAPHI, SITI HAJJAR NASIR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AN OVERVIEW OF FAECAL MICROBIOTA TRANSPLANTATION
Faecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT) is a medical intervention in which stool from a healthy person is transplanted into another individual’s large intestine. This method is meant to help restore the normal microbiota of the recipient’s gut, including cases with dysbiosis due to recurrent Clostridium difficile infection and other gastrointestinal diseases. Though the procedural detail of FMT is complex, it has some fundamental biological concepts such as replantation of reduced microbial balance, pathogenic microorganism inhibition, regulation of immunity, and metabolite production. Moreover, the current regulation and future studies by professional bodies regarding synthetic microbiota and individualised FMT have exciting potential for improved therapeutic use; there is a need for more standardisation and safety measures on the practice. To maximize its clinical potential, we also focused on data for developing uniform guidelines, enhancing donor screening procedures, and ensuring safety and efficacy through rigorous study. As FMT applications expand beyond recurrent Clostridium difficile infection to include inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and other microbiome-related conditions, advancements in personalized and synthetic microbiota therapies are expected to pave the way for their safer and more versatile use. Therefore, continuous exploration and strong regulatory frameworks are essential in unlocking the therapeutic potential of FMT while safeguarding patient outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 SOLOMON MATTHIAS GAMDE, ASIBOR DAVID OLUMESE, ODU STEPHEN IYEJE, ENEUDE TOCHUKWU FAITH, ABIGAIL BIYA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW ON TRIDAX PROCUMBENS LIN
The highly promising species Tridax procumbens produces secondary metabolites that are said to have a number of medical applications, such as anesthetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-anemic effects etc. Many communities have traditionally used this species in traditional ways. Tridax procumbens is a unique member of the Asteraceae family. Naturally occurring in tropical Africa, Asia, and Australia, the plant is native to tropical America. The locals name it "Ghamara," which is also known as "coat buttons" in English. Some Ayurvedic practitioners prescribe it as "Bhringraj." Alkaloids, carotenoids, flavonoids (catechin and flavones), fumeric acid, fl-sitosterol, saponins, and tannins were all found throughout the phytochemical screening. Pharmacologically, Tridax procumbens is well known for its antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antiviral, wound-healing, insecticidal, antidiabetic, hypotensive, immunomodulating, bronchial catarrh, dysentery, diarrhea, and prevention of hair loss by promoting hair growth. It also has antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, and antitubercular properties. This review is attempts to present phytochemical & pharmacologically use, significance of Tridax procumbens to treat, prevent the acute & chronic diseases, and also present Pharmacognostic and phytochemical investigation of Tridax procumbence plant.
Copyright (c) 2025 MEGHA CHANDEL, ANSHUL DHIMAN, DEV PRAKASH DAHIYA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ROLE OF CYCLIC NEGATIVE PRESSURE WOUND THERAPY IN THERMAL BURNS PATIENT
This article provides an in-depth examination of the evolution of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT), with a particular focus on the cyclic mode, which offers a compelling alternative to continuous and intermittent NPWT. The cyclic NPWT system operates by maintaining sub-atmospheric pressure while oscillating between preset levels, never reaching zero, thereby enhancing local blood circulation and oxygenation at the wound site. The authors assert that this therapy provides superior microcirculation improvements compared to other NPWT methods, with the added benefit of being less painful for patients than the intermittent mode. A critical analysis of this approach highlights the transformative potential of cyclic NPWT in managing both acute and chronic wounds. The article positions cyclic NPWT as a more patient-friendly option that retains the efficacy of traditional intermittent NPWT without the discomfort associated with pressure fluctuations. These advantages are particularly significant for patients requiring long-term wound care, as the reduced pain and enhanced healing could improve patient compliance and overall outcomes. However, while promising, the research calls for further studies to validate the clinical superiority of cyclic NPWT in various settings. Long-term research is essential to assess its impact on granulation tissue formation, wound closure, and overall healing. The article also highlights limitations in current NPWT devices, emphasizing the need for more accessible and cost-effective solutions to optimize patient care in diverse healthcare environments. In conclusion, this study contributes significantly to the field of wound care, suggesting that cyclic NPWT could become a cornerstone of modern wound healing practices by combining pain reduction with enhanced efficacy. Further clinical evidence and technological advancements are necessary to fully realize it’s potential.
Copyright (c) 2025 SRINIVASAN, RAVI KUMAR CHITTORIA, KANAV GUPTA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL HETROCYCLIC MOLECULES CONTAINING NITROGEN
Nitrogen-containing heterocycles remain a cornerstone of medicinal chemistry because they combine structural diversity with tunable intermolecular interactions that govern receptor/enzyme recognition, solubility, and selectivity. Building on this rationale, the present work reports the design and synthesis of a focused series of pyrazole-linked thiazole hydrazones (P25–38), framed as lead-like scaffolds for multi-target bioactivity. The study’s strength lies in its emphasis on structure confirmation using complementary analytical platforms (FT-IR, ^1H/^13C-NMR, LC-MS, and CHNS elemental analysis), which collectively reduce ambiguity in scaffold assignment and support subsequent structure–activity interpretation. Representative spectral signatures: N–H stretching (~3320–3406 cm⁻¹), azomethine C=N bands (~1610–1615 cm⁻¹), diagnostic singlets for pyrazole-NH (~δ 11.8–11.9) and N=CH (~δ 8.1–8.2), and molecular ion consistency in MS; provide a coherent validation chain for the proposed hydrazone–thiazole–pyrazole framework. Biological screening indicates promising antimicrobial (and reported anti-inflammatory/anticancer) potential, with activity trends linked to electron-withdrawing aryl substituents. Notably, chloro/dichloro substitution patterns are repeatedly implicated as potency-enhancing features, suggesting that halogen-driven lipophilicity and electronic effects may improve target engagement and membrane permeability. The SAR discussion, while preliminary, points toward a practical optimisation pathway: systematic substituent modulation on the aryl rings to balance antibacterial efficacy with selectivity, alongside retaining hydrogen-donor motifs (e.g., C=N–NH) associated with antioxidant behaviour. Overall, the work positions these nitrogen-rich heterocycles as credible starting points for lead optimisation, but their translational value will ultimately depend on expanded bioassay panels, potency benchmarking, and mechanistic validation beyond single-point inhibition claims.
Copyright (c) 2025 ABHISHEK BHARDWAJ, OM PRAKASH AGRAWAL https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
THE STUDY OF GEL BODY LOTION CONTAINING INDRAMAYU MANGO (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) PEEL EXTRACT
The skin of Indramayu mango contains secondary metabolite compounds such as phenols and flavonoids that function to inhibit the enzyme Hyaluronidase (HYALase), which is an enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid. Hyaluronic acid plays a role in maintaining moisture in the skin. The extract of Indramayu mango skin is formulated into a gel preparation due to its good spreading properties on the skin, clear appearance, stability during storage, and resistance to flowing on the skin surface, allowing the active substances from the extract to remain in contact with the skin for a longer period. This study aims to test the stability of the gel preparation of Indramayu mango skin extract (Mangifera indica L.). The gel preparations were made in 4 formulas with different concentrations of Indramayu mango skin extract: F0 (without extract), F1 (0,15 g Indramayu mango skin extract/ 100 g), F2 (0.27 g Indramayu mango skin extract/ 100 g), and F3 (0.5 g Indramayu mango skin extract/ 100 g). The physical stability test of the gel preparation was carried out at temperatures of 28°C and 40°C for 28 days. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software, employing one-way ANOVA for normally distributed data and the Kruskal–Wallis test for data that did not meet normality assumptions. The stability test results indicated that F3 had the best stability during the 28-day storage, as shown by the results of the homogeneity test, pH, viscosity, spreadability, and adhesion, which did not experience significant changes during storage.
Copyright (c) 2025 ASRI WULANDARI, LUSI AGUS SETIANI, DEVALI SYAWALIYAH PUTRI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AERVA LANATA: A PROMISING MEDICINE FOR UROLITHIASIS IN FUTURE
Urinary disorders are treated with Aerva lanata (Linn) in southern parts of india as a source of pashana Beda (Stone breaker). Most of the Ayuerveda and siddha practioner in south india used this plant towards urinary disorders like Ashmari (Urinari calculi) Moothra krichra (Dysuria), Mootravikara. The plant has been studied for its antiurolithiatic property from many years. The various part of this plant has been demonstrated for its antiurolithiatic activity in the form of various extracts in many scientific research. Many secondary metabolites has been reported in this plant such as alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. Preferably the aerial parts of the plant has enriched phytoconstituents. Among the various extract the aqueous extract of this plant was potent in dissolving kidney stones has been proved in many study. The plant has been reported to contain quercitin and betulin which has antiurolithiatic action associated by diuretic activity. Further the study has not been converted as medicine to be utilised by human by different dosage forms. If it is effectively subjected to formulation it will be a promising medicine for the treatment of kidney stone in near future wihout any complicated medication and surgery.
Copyright (c) 2025 SIVAKUMAR BALAKRISHNAN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOCHEMISTRY OF DRUG METABOLISM: A REVIEW
Drug metabolism is a crucial process in the fields of pharmacology and biochemistry. It involves the conversion of medicinal chemicals in the body to aid in their removal. The liver is the primary site of drug metabolism, where enzymes incorporate reactive or polar groups into drug molecules. Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) play a vital role in the breakdown of foreign substances in the body. They facilitate the transformation of prodrugs into their active state, hence enhancing their pharmacological efficacy. Drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) are classified according to their specific mechanisms of drug metabolism, which may involve oxidative, reductive, and/or conjugative enzymes. These enzymes possess bio-activation routes and particular mechanisms of action to carry out their functions. The drug metabolism process involves the classification of metabolic reactions into either phase I or phase II reactions. In this review, a comprehensive explanation of xenobiotic metabolism, including how drugs function. The important biochemical characteristics and catalytic processes are detailed, along with a vast assortment of hydrolases and their nomenclature. The disciplines of medicine, toxicology, and environmental science are illustrated through several instances. The investigated mechanisms involve the hydrolysis of a range of unstable rings, such as carboxylic esters, amides, peptides, lactones, and esters generated by inorganic acids. The review provides an explanation of the enzymology and procedure involved in hydrating epoxides.
Copyright (c) 2025 ODANGOWEI OGIDI, OMABEMITUALE FAVOUR IYONSI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF CHEST PERCUSSION IN ENHANCING SPUTUM CLEARANCE IN PULMONORY TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is characterized by chronic inflammation and excessive mucus production. Chest percussion is widely used to facilitate sputum clearance, but the underlying biochemical and physiological mechanisms remain underexplored. The objective is to examine the biochemical and physiological impact of chest percussion therapy on sputum clearance in TB patients. An experimental study was conducted from June 2024 to May 2025 across four hospitals in Palopo, Pinrang, Rappang, and Enrekang. A total of 200 pulmonary TB patients were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. The intervention group received standardized chest percussion therapy twice daily, while the control group received standard care only. Outcome measures included sputum volume, ciliary activity (measured via nasal brushing and electron microscopy), and levels of nitric oxide (NO) and surfactant proteins in sputum. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and ANOVA with a significance level set at p<0.05. Ethical clearance was obtained from Poltekkes Kemenkes Makassar (No. EC/87023/05/2024). Chest percussion significantly increased daily sputum volume (p<0.001), elevated sputum NO levels (p=0.002), and improved ciliary beat frequency (p<0.001) compared to controls. Surfactant protein SP-A and SP-D concentrations were significantly higher in the intervention group. These biochemical markers correlated with improved mucus rheology and easier expectoration. Chest percussion enhances sputum clearance in TB patients through stimulation of autonomic pathways, increased NO production, ciliary activation, and surfactant modulation. Integrating this technique into TB nursing protocols may accelerate recovery and improve respiratory outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2025 AGUSSALIM, CITRAWATI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GENDER AS MODERATOR BETWEEN HEALTH BEHAVIOUR ON PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS AMONG POLICE
This study examined the moderating effects of gender and the association between health behaviour (HB), physical activity status (PAS), and psychological status (PS) among police personnel (PP) in Ondo State, Nigeria. The research employed a correlational design. The study employed four instruments: the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity Questionnaire, the Health Behaviour Questionnaire, the Standardised DASS-21 scale and a self-developed questionnaire for demographic variables. The Cronbach's alpha range was .90 to .932. A proportionate stratified sampling technique was employed to obtain a sample size of 400 police personnel from 20 police divisions in Ondo State, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics (SPSS 22) and Structural Equation Modelling (SmartPLS 4) were employed for data analysis. The final coefficient ranges from 0.95 to 0.96. Two straight pathways have a HB and PAS (β=0.468, p<0.001); and HB and PS (β=0.396, p<0.001). significant impact on the relationships outlined in the study. The moderating effect of gender was not significant in the association between HB and PAS (β=0.117, t=0.890, p>0.05), as well as HB and PS (β=0.14, t=0.887, p>0.05). The study offered new avenues for investigating physical activity status and psychological health, particularly within the police population. Health behaviour positively predicted PAS and PS. This study suggests that achieving total quality of life requires integrating health behaviour orientations into the training programmes of the Nigeria Police Force.
Copyright (c) 2025 OLUWAFEMI EMMANUEL FADERO, DEV OMAR DEV ROXANA, ISMAIL ASMAH, MOHD WAZIR NORJALI WAZIR ROZILEE, VICTOR AKIN AKINTOKE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
GLOBAL BARRIERS AND ENABLERS TO EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENTAL SURVEILLANCE AND INTERVENTION: A SCOPING REVIEW
Child development encompasses a range of physiological, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that children undergo from birth through adolescence. Early childhood is a critical period as rapid developmental changes take place, which can have lasting impacts on a child's health and well-being. This study focused on summarizing and evaluating child development monitoring tools and systems in several countries, including Malaysia, as well as their strengths, limitations, and target populations. Next, this study also focused on the barriers to the recognition of potential needs, access to diagnosis, and early intervention on developmental delay. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The search included articles published from 1 January 2003 to 1 October 2023. Several examples of the differences in child developmental monitoring programme was shown from both high-and-low-income countries such as the United States and India, respectively. The factors for child developmental monitoring in terms of recognition, diagnosis, and early intervention were categorized into child, family, and service factors. As all child factors are non-modifiable, the importance of family and service factors must be emphasised. Early detection and intervention are paramount as they reduce the risk of developing future developmental disorders.
Copyright (c) 2025 AHMAD SYUAIB SAZALI, KHALID MOKTI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
SCHOOL BAG USE AND MUSCULOSKELETAL SYMPTOMS AMONG SECONDARY STUDENTS IN BENIN CITY, NIGERIA
Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSKs) are increasingly prevalent among adolescents and may impact their health into adulthood. This study aimed to examine the relationship between school bag carriage characteristics, specifically weight, length, daily duration, and carriage style; and the occurrence of MSKs among secondary school students in Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was employed, involving 400 students selected from seven secondary schools. Participants completed the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire, and data on anthropometric measures and school bag attributes were collected. Visual assessments were conducted to detect postural abnormalities, including scoliosis, lordosis, and kyphosis. The lifetime prevalence of MSKs was highest in the low back (50.0%), followed by the neck (40.3%) and shoulders (35.8%). Notable associations were found between specific carriage characteristics and MSKs: for example, shoulder pain was significantly associated with both bag weight and carriage duration, while bag length correlated with neck pain. Scoliosis and lordosis also showed significant associations with bag weight. However, no consistent pattern was observed across all variables, and some associations were statistically insignificant. The findings suggest that improper school bag use, particularly excessive weight and poor carriage style, contributes to MSK development and postural issues among students. Preventive strategies including awareness programs and ergonomic interventions are recommended to safeguard students’ musculoskeletal health.
Copyright (c) 2025 OLUWAKAYODE AJE, OLUFEMI OGUNDIRAN, HENRIETTA FAWOLE, KAYODE OKE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
STRUCTURAL MODELING AND FUNCTIONAL PREDICTION OF IFN-Y GENE VARIANTS
IFN-γ is a key immunomodulatory cytokine primarily secreted by activated T lymphocytes, NK cells, NKT cells, and dendritic cells. The IFN-γ protein is encoded by the IFNG gene located on chromosome 9q14.3 and plays a central role in host immune responses. The current study employed an integrated computational approach to predict deleterious missense SNPs of the IFN-γ gene. These variants potentially disrupt the structural integrity and biological activity of IFN-γ, contributing to aberrant immune responses implicated in tumorigenesis and chronic inflammation. To assess the functional consequences of these mutations, molecular docking analyses were conducted. Through comprehensive screening, 12 deleterious nsSNPs were identified, localized within non-synonymous regions. SOPMA revealed that the IFN-γ protein is predominantly α-helical, constituting about 66.27% of the total secondary structure. Our results show high disorder scores for the G161R, R152Q, M1L, and A164S mutants, suggesting a loss of structural order, which may negatively impact protein function. Structural modeling was performed using AlphaFold, followed by validation with the SAVES v6.0 server. K28T, Y37C, and Y76F induced marked conformational changes involved in receptor binding, as evidenced by high RMSD values. Our results emphasize Laminin, Tamoxifen, Fulvestrant, Melanin, Parecoxib, and Rofecoxib. Both Laminin and Melanin demonstrated strong binding affinities with native and mutant IFN-γ structures, engaging crucial residues such as Phe115, Glu116, Phe105, and Val73. These residues are crucial for ligand binding and cytokine function, highlighting their therapeutic importance. Our findings provide insights for the development of targeted therapies for IFN-γ-related disorders, including autoimmune diseases, cancer, and infectious conditions. The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of mutant IFN-γ forms, paving the way for precision medicine approaches tailored to genetically diverse populations. Further experimental validation is necessary to substantiate these findings and evaluate their clinical significance.
Copyright (c) 2025 IBTSAM BILAL, HARIS MUNIR, KAINAT RAMZAN, IQRA ZULFIQAR, AYESHA WAHEED, ALI HAIDER, FIZZA ALI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
MODELING MICROBIOLOGICAL COUNTS IN PURIFIED WATER AT A HEALTHCARE FACILITY USING ARIMA
The microbiological quality of purified water is a crucial aspect in the healthcare industry to ensure safety for different applications and uses. Understanding the trend and forecasting would be of prime importance to take proactive control and protective measures before catastrophic excursions might occur leading financial and health casualties. This study analyzes microbial density, a key metric for monitoring water purification system efficacy in healthcare facilities. The objective was to transform irregular, cumulative data into a regular time series and identify the optimal ARIMA model for forecasting to support predictive maintenance and regulatory compliance. Preliminary modeling attempts were conducted using simpler approaches such as linear, exponential and Holt-Winters methods without showing promising outcomes. Descriptive statistics and distribution analysis, including the Johnson Transformation for normality, were performed. ARIMA models with differencing orders d=0, d=1, and d=2 were fitted to the Aggregated cumulative logarithmically transformed data series, with the best model at each order selected based on minimum AICc. Model adequacy was assessed through parameter significance and residual diagnostics (Ljung-Box test). Descriptive statistics showed the aggregated series non-normal (p<0.005). ARIMA(5, 0, 4) (d=0) performed poorly (AICc=319.39) with residual autocorrelation. ARIMA(0, 2, 1) (d=2) showed improved fit (AICc=258.98) and white noise residuals (p>0.5). The ARIMA(2, 1, 2) model (d=1) was optimal (AICc=256.91), with all significant parameters and white noise residuals (p>0.3), effectively addressing non-stationarity. Forecasts from ARIMA(2, 1, 2) predict stable future growth. The ARIMA(2, 1, 2) model with first-order differencing is the most appropriate and robust model for forecasting data trends. Its strong statistical fit and reliable residual properties make it a valuable tool for predictive maintenance, optimizing resources, and enhancing patient safety in healthcare water systems, provided model performance is continuously monitored. Addressing data limitations and processing requires monitoring and exploring alternative models for future improvement.
Copyright (c) 2025 MOSTAFA ESSAM EISSA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN CURCUMA LONGA EXTRACTS: POTENTIAL INHIBITORS OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA SPP.
This study evaluated the inhibitory effects of turmeric (Curcuma longa) extracts against selected multidrug-resistant Klebsiella spp. Freshly ground C. longa was extracted using the maceration method, and the susceptibility of the organisms to the extract was tested using the agar well diffusion technique. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was employed to identify the bioactive compounds in the extract. Molecular docking was performed using the Glide module of Maestro Schrödinger to predict binding affinities and interaction modes of C. longa phytochemicals with SHV-1 (beta-lactamase-1) of K. pneumoniae and NpsA (phosphoribosyltransferase) of K. oxytoca. The inhibition zones of C. longa extract against the antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp. ranged from 17±0.88 mm to 18.67±0.88 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract against the test organisms ranged from 25 mg/ml to 50 mg/ml, while the maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was 100 mg/ml. GC-MS analysis identified 31 compounds in the C. longa extract, with the main components being n-Hexadecanoic acid (9.14%), methyl tetradecanoate (7.77%), octadecanamide (7.74%), maltose (7.74%), and phytol (7.45%). Molecular docking analyses identified C. longa phytochemicals with strong inhibitory potential against SHV-1 in Klebsiella pneumoniae and NpsA in K. oxytoca. 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diheptyl ester showed the highest binding scores (−8.641 and −9.765 kcal/mol), while other compounds exhibited stable interactions and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles, outperforming standard antibiotics. These findings suggest that C. longa extract could be a promising alternative for combating infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Klebsiella spp.
Copyright (c) 2025 OLUMIDE OLUYELE, GLADYS EGUNJOBI, DOREEN OWAGBEMI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF PEEL-OFF GEL MASK OF ALOE VERA AND STRAWBERRY
Free radicals can cause oxidative damage to skin cells, causing aging. One way to overcome this is by adding antioxidants which can be obtained from natural ingredients such as aloe vera and strawberries. This study aims to determine the physical quality and antioxidant activity of aloe vera and strawberry peel-off gel masks. The research method is experimental. The research includes making aloe vera and strawberry peel-off gel masks with varying concentrations of F0 (0:0), F1 (25:75), F2 (50:50), and F3 (75:25). Physical quality tests include organoleptic, pH, homogeneity, spreadability, stickiness, and drying time as well as antioxidant activity tests. The research results showed that the organoleptic was in the form of a thick liquid in all formulas, a transparent white color with no smell in F0, a dark brown color with a typical extract smell in F1, a brown color with a typical extract smell in F2, a light brown color with a typical extract smell in F3. The homogeneity test results for all formulas are homogeneous. The pH value is slightly above the requirements. The spreadability, stickiness, and drying time of the peel-off gel mask meet the requirements. Antioxidant activity obtained IC50 values ​​of 212.36 µg/mL (F0); 139.53 µg/ (F1); 71.45 (F2); and 116.31 µg/mL (F3). The best formula obtained was F2 because it met the physical quality requirements and had the strongest antioxidant activity. In conclusion, aloe vera and strawberries can be used as active sources of antioxidants in cosmetics.
Copyright (c) 2025 MAKHABBAH JAMILATUN, PRADEA INDAH LUKITO, REDITA AZZAHRA DEE RAYHANISSA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ADVANCES IN DRUG DESIGN: A REVIEW OF RECENT TRENDS, CHALLENGES AND FUTURE SCOPE
Drug design, or ligand-based drug molecular design of new molecules to interact with a biological target for effective regulation of its activity has been an indispensable and ever-evolving discipline in pharmaceutical research. The addition of newer technologies like Computational Aided Drug Design (CADD) has enriched this process by using computational tools to screen and refine drug candidates, hence empowering for an easy parallel implementation which ultimately shortens the timeline and financial involvement in designing drugs. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and its subset Machine Learning (ML), have become increasingly prominent in recent years to facilitate better virtual screening, molecular docking, and predictive modeling which are crucial for the detection of novel therapies especially regarding the diseases with complex etiology like cancer. Nanotechnology-assisted targeted drug delivery systems have been successfully applied to the field, enabling site-specific release of drugs and reducing their side effects while improving therapeutic efficacy. Likewise, the advent of biologics, biosimilars and multitarget drug design has brought new directions to tackle diseases that have evolved from their relatively simple causative pathways. Nonetheless, the need to overcome drug resistance, with its accompanying toxicity and computational challenges remains a major hurdle. In short, the future of drug design is expected to be increasingly influenced through AI enabled platforms that will combine with our understanding from personalized medicines and nanotechnology. Such innovations are projected to realize more functional and specific treatments. On the other hand, AI-driven methods are likely to enhance accuracy in drug discovery, and nanotechnology-based delivery systems will give way to a number of new therapeutic opportunities. Maturing, these technologies are bound to make impactful changes in the development of safer, more efficient, and personalised healthcare solutions.
Copyright (c) 2025 SHEKHAR SINGH, AKANKSHA KANOJIA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
HPLC PROFILING AND ANTI-CANDIDAL ACTIVITY OF CRUDE AND FRACTIONATED EXTRACTS OF TITHONIA DIVERSIFOLIA
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Candida species poses a significant challenge to current antifungal therapies. Tithonia diversifolia has been traditionally used for its medicinal properties, prompting interest in its potential as a source of novel antifungal agents. This study investigated the antifungal activity of T. diversifolia crude extract and its solvent fractions against multidrug-resistant Candida species. Phytoconstituents were extracted from the leaves of T. diversifolia using solvent extraction, followed by fractionation through a separating funnel. Antifungal activity was assessed via the agar well diffusion method, while minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) were determined using tube dilution and plating techniques, respectively. Bioactive compounds in the extract were identified through High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis. The crude extract showed strong inhibition against Candida glabrata and Candida krusei (22.0 mm). Among the fractions, the aqueous fraction exhibited notable activity against C. glabrata (20.0 mm), while the ethyl acetate fraction was highly effective against C. krusei (22.0 mm). The lowest MIC and MFC values were recorded for C. krusei (MIC=12.5 mg/ml; MFC=6.25 mg/ml). HPLC analysis revealed key antifungal compounds such as Curcumin, Alpha-Tumerone, and 1,8-Cineole. These results demonstrate the promising potential of T. diversifolia as a source of antifungal agents against resistant Candida strains.
Copyright (c) 2025 OLUMIDE OLUYELE https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXPLORING THE KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION SOURCES OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE UTILIZATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants is a vital cultural heritage that supports community health, yet its transmission remains understudied. This research identifies the sources through which native communities acquire and preserve this knowledge. In this applied cross-sectional study, data were collected from 150 local experts across 10 villages in the Paskaloot region using semi-structured questionnaires and face-to-face interviews (Snowball method). Participants reported demographic details, medicinal plant uses, and knowledge sources. Elders were the primary knowledge sources (90% oral transmission from grandparents/parents), followed by books (23.3%) and media (10%). Women constituted 40.6% of active users, employing plants for diverse ailments, while 26% never used them. Participants affirmed the efficacy of medicinal plants and stressed the urgency of preserving this knowledge before elders pass away. Systematic strategies are needed to safeguard and transmit indigenous medicinal plant knowledge to future generations. This study highlights the role of intergenerational oral traditions and calls for integrating documented and community-based preservation efforts.
Copyright (c) 2025 ALIREZA ATARODI, HAMIDREZA ATARODI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
AWARENESS OF BENEFITS AND RISKS OF FLUORIDATED TOOTHPASTE AMONG IIUM DENTAL AND SCIENCE STUDENTS
Dental caries is a significant health issue in Malaysia and globally. Thorough brushing with fluoridated toothpaste can help prevent caries. Although fluoridated toothpaste offers protection against dental caries, its overuse can result in negative effects. Therefore, it is essential to recognise the associated risks and weigh them carefully against its benefits. This study aimed to evaluate the awareness of the benefits and risks of using fluoridated toothpaste and its practice of usage among dental and science students. A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire comprising three sections: demographic profile, awareness of benefits and risks, and usage of fluoridated toothpaste. A total of 296 students (148 dental and 148 science) participated. Results showed that dental students exhibited a higher level of awareness regarding the benefits of fluoridated toothpaste (95.1%) compared to science students (79.4%). Furthermore, dental students also had greater awareness of the associated risks (58.3%) than science students (33.6%). A statistically significant difference in awareness levels was observed between both groups (p<0.001). Among dental students, awareness increased progressively from Year 1 to Year 4, whereas no significant differences were found across academic years among science students. In conclusion, dental students demonstrated greater awareness of both the benefits and risks of using fluoridated toothpaste than science students. Increased awareness was associated with better oral hygiene practices. Future research could explore targeted interventions to enhance fluoride-related public awareness and promote effective oral health behaviours.
Copyright (c) 2025 SALWANA SUPA'AT, FATIN NADIA AZHAR ARIFFIN, KHALIS SABRINA KHAIRUNNIZAM, YUNITA DEWI ARDINI, MOHAMAD SHAFIQ MOHD IBRAHIM https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
EXOSKELETONS IN NEUROLOGICAL REHABILITATION: A COMMENTARY ON CURRENT EVIDENCE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Neurological disorders like stroke and spinal cord injury (SCI) are among the leading causes of long-term disability worldwide, causing severe physical, emotional, and economic burdens to patients, families, and healthcare systems. While conventional forms of rehabilitation like physical therapy are the foundation of restoration, they are often limited by resource constraints, variability in delivery, and inaccessibility problems. Robot exoskeletons have emerged as revolutionary technology in neurorehabilitation by allowing for high-intensity, repetitive and task-specific training that enables neuroplasticity and recovery of function. This commentary pertains to the increasing application of exoskeletons to promote mobility, autonomy, and quality of life in patients with stroke and SCI. Clinical trials suggest noteworthy gait speed, endurance, balance, strength, cardiovascular, and psychological resilience gains. But these challenges, such as high cost, heterogeneity of devices, short-term data constraints, and ethical challenges of equity and informed consent, must be overcome. Greater integration into public health systems could reduce disability burden, enhance access to rehabilitation, and enhance outcomes in a variety of populations. Future advances include the development of cost-effective, transportable models, customized therapy protocols, and large clinical trials to enable widespread clinical application. With strategic collaboration and continuous innovation, exoskeletons are set to leave a strong footprint on the neurological rehabilitation horizon of the future.
Copyright (c) 2025 LOW JIE EN, NANCY CHOON-SI NG, REBECCA SHIN-YEE WONG https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY OF COFFEE-MANGO LEAF EXTRACT COMBINATION AS ANTI-INFLAMMATORY IN RATS
Inflammation occurs as a result of cell-damaging stimuli, causing free arachidonic acid to trigger inflammatory symptoms. Coffee leaves (Coffea arabica) and mango leaves (Mangifera indica) contain phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and steroids, which have been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity, giving them great potential and enhancing anti-inflammatory effects when combined. The research aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential and optimal dosage of a combined extract of coffee and mango leaves (CLMLE). The anti-inflammatory potential was tested through carrageenan induction on the paw of the feet of Sprague Dawley rats in 6 groups of oral doses: negative control (CMC-Na 1%), positive control (Diclofenac Sodium 0.9 mg/200 g BW), CLMLE dose 1 (60 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW), CLMLE dose 2 (120 mg/kg BW and 200 mg/kg BW), CLMLE dose 3 (240 mg/kg BW and 200 mg/kg BW), and CLMLE dose 4 (120 mg/kg BW and 400 mg/kg BW). The results indicated that all CLMLE doses exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity compared to the negative control (P < 0.05). Dosage 2 had the highest anti-inflammatory potential, with an inhibition percentage of 76.3431%. The combination of CLMLE in this research was judged to have anti-inflammatory potential, and the findings can be used to produce anti-inflammatory medicines and formulations.
Copyright (c) 2025 HILMI PERDANA SUKANDI, LUSI AGUS SETIANI, NINA HERLINA https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
RIPE PAPAYA (CARICA PAPAYA) REDUCES UTERINE LENGTH AND WEIGHT IN MICE (MUS MUSCULUS L)
Unripe or green papaya is one of the foods that should be avoided during pregnancy due to its potential to cause fetal abnormalities and/or miscarriage. Papaya contains papain, polysaccharides, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids, which are suspected to interfere with the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, disrupting GnRH secretion and subsequently affecting follicular formation, development, and maturation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of ripe papaya (Carica papaya) fruit juice administration on uterine characteristics in mice (Mus musculus). A total of 12 adult female mice were randomly divided into four groups and administered ripe papaya juice orally (gavage) at doses of 0% (control), 20%, 40%, and 80% for ten consecutive days. Following treatment, the mice were sacrificed for uterine collection. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Duncans post hoc test. The results indicated that the administration of ripe papaya juice significantly reduced both left and right uterine lengths and lean wet weights at all doses. The reduction in uterine length on both sides suggests that active compounds in papaya, such as the enzyme papain, may influence cellular proliferation processes within uterine tissue.
Copyright (c) 2025 MUSTAQIM MONY, PIETER KAKISINA, ABDUL MAHID UKRATALO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ENHANCING INCISED WOUND HEALING IN MICE USING GARCINIA MANGOSTANA STEM BARK AND PERICARP EXTRACTS
Wounds are tissue injuries caused by various external and internal factors that may disrupt the normal function of the affected tissue. Numerous studies have focused on the use of natural substances as complementary therapies to accelerate wound healing. One plant that has demonstrated therapeutic potential is Garcinia mangostana L. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of stem bark and pericarp extracts of Garcinia mangostana L. in accelerating the healing of incised wounds in mice (Mus musculus). A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed, consisting of six treatment groups with three replicates each: negative control (K−), positive control (K+), and mice treated with combined extracts of stem bark and pericarp of G. mangostana at concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%. All mice were inflicted with an incised wound measuring 1 cm in diameter. The wound healing process was observed over 13 days, with measurements taken every three days. The results showed that administration of the extracts significantly accelerated the healing of incised wounds in mice. These findings suggest that Garcinia mangostana L. has potential as a complementary therapy to enhance wound healing, providing a basis for further studies on its application in humans.
Copyright (c) 2025 ABDUL MAHID UKRATALO https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
ANALYZING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING PUBLIC VS PRIVATE HELTHCARE UTILIZATION UNDER JKN PROGRAM IN INDONESIA
This study investigates the factors influencing public and private healthcare utilization under Indonesia's Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) program, aiming to understand the determinants of healthcare choices and disparities. Using data from the 2023 Indonesian National Socioeconomic Survey (SUSENAS), a nationally representative dataset of 1,132,749 observations, this research examines the role of socioeconomic, demographic, and health-related factors in shaping healthcare decisions. The study employs linear and logistic regression models to analyze the impact of variables such as JKN coverage, income, education, age, gender, and health status on healthcare utilization. Findings reveal that JKN participation significantly increases public healthcare usage but reduces the likelihood of private healthcare utilization. Wealthier individuals and those with higher education are more likely to opt for private care, driven by perceptions of superior quality and accessibility. Health status emerges as a key determinant, with individuals experiencing recent illnesses more likely to seek both public and private care. Gender and age also influence utilization patterns, as males and older individuals show lower usage rates, highlighting demographic-specific barriers. The study underscores persistent inequities in healthcare access, despite JKN's success in expanding coverage. Lessons from international contexts, such as Thailand's Universal Coverage Scheme, suggest that improving public healthcare quality and integrating public-private partnerships can address gaps in accessibility. Additionally, leveraging telemedicine could enhance healthcare access in remote and underserved areas. Future research should explore longitudinal data and qualitative insights to deepen the understanding of healthcare utilization dynamics. This study contributes to the discourse on universal health coverage by identifying actionable strategies to improve equity and access under the JKN program.
Copyright (c) 2025 AFAF JAUHAR https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IMPLEMENTATION STATUS OF TOBACCO CONTROL LAWS IN COURT AREA: LAWYERS’ CONTEXT OF BANGLADESH
Smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the smoke that is produced. Tobacco use among the Bangladeshi population remains a public health concern despite concerted efforts with the declared national tobacco control laws. This study aimed to delineate the status of the implementation status of Tobacco Control Laws in the court area and to identify its related predictors. An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in south city corporations of Dhaka city. 350 samples were selected randomly from the registered lawyer's list which was collected from respective authorities. Data was collected by pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire through a face-to-face interview and analyzed by using SPSS software. Overall, the status of the implementation was poor 66% corresponding to a good 34%. Important predictors significantly found an association with the implementation: practicing duration department, family members, knowledge of health hazards, ‘NO SMOKING’ sign pasted in the court area. The study revealed a negative scenario regarding the implication of Tobacco Control Laws. Pivotal factors were significantly identified with the implication of tobacco control laws and implementation. Sustainable and effective implementation of laws are urgently needed to improve this scenario. The findings of this study highlight the critical need for strengthening and enforcing Tobacco Control Laws in court areas to reduce tobacco-related harm. Effective policy implementation can lead to significant public health benefits, including a reduction in smoking rates and tobacco-related illnesses. This research supports the continued development of regulatory measures to protect public health, particularly in vulnerable environments and populations.
Copyright (c) 2025 NUSRAT NOBI, BILKIS BANU, NASRIN AKTER, SUJANA HAQUE CHAWDHURY, SARDER MAHMUD HOSSAIN https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0