URETHRAL OBSTRUCTION AND ITS SURGICAL TREATMENT
Keywords:
blockage, lumen, male ruminant, surgical management, urethraAbstract
Urethral obstruction is partial or complete blockage of the urethral lumen and it is a serious condition which often results in rupture of the bladder or extra-pelvic urethra in bovines and it occurs almost exclusively in the male ruminants compared to females due to their anatomical conformation of the urethral tract. The urethra in male ruminants is a long tube extends from the bladder to the glans penis. It passes caudal on the floor of the pelvis, turns around the ischial arch, forming a sharp bend and passes cranial as a part of the penis, enclosed in the corpus cavernsum urethra. Just caudal to the scrotum the penis and penile urethra forms s-shaped curve, the sigmoid flexure. Its terminal part projects commonly about 3-4cm beyond the glans penis forming some twisted processes urethrae. The disease results in heavy economic losses to the livestock industry as it is attributed the fifth most prevalent cause of death in feedlot. Obstructive urolithiasis is a serious, potentially fatal condition, most commonly causing symptoms in castrated male animals, but also occurring in breeding males. Surgical treatment of obstructive urolithiasis is a successful method. The preventive measures focus on reduction of urinary concentration of calculogenic crystalloids; the diet can be adjusted to reduce urinary concentration of causative minerals.
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